The disciples seem to have been waiting for the Holy Spirit. Their teacher (Jesus) has left, thought he promised to send the Holy Spirit, and so they were waiting. Pentacost is 40 days after Passover, which is when Jesus died. So this chapter takes place forty days after the death of Jesus and Peter’s denial of Jesus three times. Here, a miraculous event takes place. More than one actually.
The first being that the disciples, speaking in their language, are miraculously understood in a different language. This caused the Gospel to spread rapidly since people were in Jerusalem for the feast of Pentacost though they lived throughout the Roman Empire.
The second being that Peter is a changed man. He was previously denying Christ but is now preaching the gospel and calling on all men to believe in Jesus. This life change is due to being radically changed by the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
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